The S-300P surface-to-air missile system

SS-209 Changbogo Class Submarines

The Changbogo class submarines are Diesel/Electric propulsion submarines, built under license in South Korea, based on German Type 209-1200. ROKS Changbogo(SS-61), the first ship of this class, was launched on June 1992 by HDW at Kiel in Germany and commissioned on June 1993. The remainder were assembled at Okpo by DAEWOO from material packages transported from Germany. The second and subsequent boats were built by Daewoo Heavy Industries Co. at Koje island, South Korea. ROKS Leesunsin (SS-68), the 7th ship launched on 21 May 1998.

Specifications :
Length : 56 m (187.5 ft)
Beam : 6.25 m (20.5 ft)
Draft : 5.5 m (18 ft)
Propulsion : Diesel/Electric
Speed : 21.5 knots, Maximum - submerged 11 knots, Maximum - surfaced
Range : 7500 miles (8 knots, snorkel) 370 miles (submerged)
Displacement : 1100 tons surfaced. 1285 tons surmerged
Crew : 30 (6 officers)
Torpedo : 14 STN SUT mod 2 or LG Whiteshark 8 533mm/21inch Torpedo tubes
Mines : 28 mines (instead of torpedo)
Missile : SUB-Harpoon
Countermeasures ESM : Argo
Sonars : Atlas Elecktronik CSU 83
Weapon control : Atlas Elecktronik ISUS 83 TFCS
Radars Navigation : I-Band

US Presidential Helicopter 50% Over Budget

Lockheed Martin's high-profile VH-71 presidential helicopter programme, designed to work in a pinch as a White House in the sky, has surged more than 50% over budget, the US Navy said on Thursday.

As a result of such cost growth, the Defense Department either must end the programme or certify that it is essential for national security and meets three other tests established by law.

The navy notified congress of the problem on Wednesday, as required by the so-called Nunn-McCurdy procurement law that can force cancellation of an arms program if unit-cost growth tops certain levels, Navy spokesman Lt. Clay Doss said.

The cost breach is the latest in a long string dogging major arms programmes, but the first to be announced since President Barack Obama took office as the 44th president on 20 January.

Containing the spiraling cost growth of US arms programmes is to be a top goal of Obama's team at the Pentagon once they take office.

The five 'pilot production' VH-71 helicopters that will complete the first phase of the programme are scheduled to reach initial operating capability in September 2010. The current presidential helicopters are scheduled to start phasing out of operational service at a rate of three a year in 2017.

The key factors driving the programme's spiraling cost and schedule are "required technical upgrades to system components and the design, test, and qualification time it will take to field this aircraft," Doss said in a statement.

The cost per helicopter would be at least 50% over 'baseline' estimates submitted in February 2006, and the overruns applied to the entire programme, he said.

The exact percentages and dollar amounts of the overrun would be determined in coming weeks, the navy added.

Lockheed shares were unchanged at $82.57 in afternoon New York Stock Exchange trade.


'Schedule risk'

Lockheed and its chief subcontractor on the project, AgustaWestland, a unit of Italy's Finmeccanica, won the contract in January 2005. They beat Sikorsky Aircraft, a United Technologies unit that makes the current 'Marine One' helicopters used to ferry the president.

"From the beginning, the programme carried more schedule risk than normal due to the security environment created by 9/11," Doss said. The Pentagon sped up plans to replace the existing fleet after the 11 September, 2001, hijacking attacks boosted concerns about secure communications and 'continuity of government'.

Programme officials until now had been working closely with Lockheed Martin and the White House to examine possible tradeoffs to keep it within budget, Doss said.

Representatives of Lockheed, the Pentagon's biggest supplier, and AgustaWestland declined to comment, referring callers to the Navy.

Six of the programme's initial nine scheduled aircraft have been delivered, including four test models, according to Lockheed Martin. The second phase is to provide 23 operational helicopters with increased range and upgraded navigations and communications gear to let the president carry out his duties aloft.

Some experts have said the technical challenge amounts to cramming the advanced communications capabilities of Air Force One, the presidential airliner, into a helicopter.

The navy said the programme's operational requirements had been stable since the contract was awarded, but required technical upgrades and needed testing were driving up costs.

Once a programme breaches the cost thresholds set under the Nunn-McCurdy law, the Pentagon's chief arms buyer must certify to congress that:

1. The acquisition programme is essential to national security
2. No alternatives exist that provide equal or greater military capability at less cost
3. The new programme's unit cost or procurement unit cost estimates are reasonable
4. Management structure is adequate to manage and control programme acquisition unit cost and procurement unit cost

By Andrea Shalal-Esa and Jim Wolf, Reuters.

http://www.airforce-technology.com/news/news49326.html

Su-35 Multi-Role Air Superiority Fighter Aircraft, Russia

Dimensions:
Length
21.9m
Height
5.9m
Wingspan
15m

Weights:
Maximum Take-Off Weight
34,500kg
Weapons Payload
8,000kg

Engines:
Type
2 x Sturn /UFA AL-31F 117S
Thrust
86.3kN each
Thrust with Afterburn
142.2kN each

Performance:
Maximum Level Speed
2,390 km/h, Mach 2.25
Manoeuvrability
+9g
Maximum Altitude
18,000m
Range, Internal Fuel
3,600km
Range, Drop Tanks
4,200km

The latest version of the Su-35, Su-35BM, is an advanced capability multi-role air superiority fighter developed from the Su-27. The aircraft has high manoeuvrability (+9g) with a high angle of attack and is equipped with high-capability weapon systems that contribute to the new aircraft's exceptional dogfighting capability. The maximum level speed is 2,390km/h or Mach 2.25.
The Su-35BM was unveiled at the Aerosalon MAKS air show in Moscow in August 2007 and its first flight was in February 2008. The aircraft will enter service with the Russian Air Force in 2010 and Sukhoi has announced that the aircraft will be available for export deliveries in 2010.

The aircraft is being developed, tested and introduced into serial production by the Sukhoi Design Bureau, based in Moscow, and will be manufactured by KNAPPO of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Both companies are part of the Sukhoi Aviation Holding Joint Stock Company.

Su-35 cockpit
The cockpit has a central control column and is fitted with a Zvesda K-36D-3.5E zero-zero ejection seat which allows the pilot to eject at zero speed and at zero altitude.

The aircraft has a quadruplex, digital fly-by-wire control developed by the Avionika Moscow Research and Production Complex JSC (MNPK Avionika).

The cockpit is fitted with two 230mm×305mm high-resolution MFI-35 liquid crystal displays with a multifunction control panel and a IKSh-1M head up display with a wide 20°×30° field of view.

The pilot has two VHF/UHF encrypted radio communications systems and a jam-resistant military data link system between squadron aircraft and between the aircraft and ground control. The navigation system is based on a digital map display with a strapdown inertial navigation system and global positioning system.

Fighter construction
Compared to the Su-27 design from which it is derived, the front fuselage diameter of the Su-35 has been increased to accommodate the larger 900mm-diameter antenna of the Irbis-E radar.

High-strength, low-weight, composite materials have been used for non-structural items such as the radomes, nose wheel, door and leading-edge flaps. Some of the fuselage structures are of carbon fibre and aluminium lithium alloy.

Weapons
The aircraft has 12 hardpoints for carrying external weapons and stores.

Each wing has four hardpoints – one on the wingtip and three under-wing stations. There are two hardpoints on the underside of the fuselage on the centreline and one under each engine.


Missiles
The aircraft's air-to-air missiles can include the Vympel R-27 (Nato designation AA-10 Alamo), the Vympel radar-guided medium-range R-77 (AA-12 Adder) and the Vympel short-range infrared-guided R-73E (AA-11 Archer).
The aircraft's air-to-surface missiles include the Molniya Kh-29 (AS-14 Kedge) tactical missiles, the Kh-31P (AS-17 Krypton) anti-radiation missiles and the long-range Kh-58UShE (AS-11 Kilter) anti-radiation missiles.

The Su-35 anti-ship missiles include Kh-31A, the long-range Kh-59MK (AS-18 Kazoo), the long-range Kalibr and the NPO Mashinostroenia heavy long-range Yakhont missile.


Ordnance
The Su-35 can be armed with a range of guided bombs, including the KAB-500Kr TV-guided bomb, KAB-500S-E satellite-guided bomb, LGB-250 laser-guided bomb, Kab-1500Kr TV-guided bomb and KAB-1500LG laser-guided bomb.

The aircraft can also be armed with 80mm, 122mm, 266mm and 420mm rockets.


Guns
The Gryazev-Shipunov 30mm GSh-30-1 gun is fitted in the starboard wing root with 150 rounds of ammunition.


Sensors
The X-band multimode phased array Irbis-E radar is supplied by Tikhomirov Scientific-Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP), based in Zhukovsky. Irbis-E is a high-performance radar designed for the Su-35 aircraft.

The 900mm passive phased array antenna is mounted on a hydraulic actuator for mechanical steering. The electronic steering provides azimuthal and elevation coverage of 60°. With both mechanical and electronic scanning the coverage is 120°.

The radar can detect low-observable and stealth aircraft, unmanned air vehicles and missiles with a radar cross section of 0.01m² at ranges to 90km. Radar modes include air-to-air, air-to-ground, air-to-sea, mapping, Doppler beam and synthetic aperture radar modes. It can detect and track up to 30 airborne targets with a radar cross section (RCS) of 3m² at ranges of 400km using track-while-scan mode.


Infrared search and track
The infrared search and track fire control system, OLS-35 IRST, includes an infrared sensor, laser rangefinder, target designator and television camera. The accuracy of the laser rangefinder is 5m CEP (circular error probability), to a maximum range of 20km against airborne targets and 30km against ground targets. The OLS-35 is a high-performance system with ±90° azimuthal and +60°/-15° elevation coverage.
The system's acquisition range against a non-afterburning target is 50km forwards and 90km rearward. The Su-35 can also be fitted with a UOMZ Sapsan targeting and laser designation pod


Countermeasures
The aircraft's electronic warfare suite includes a radar warning system, radar jammer, co-operative radar jamming system, missile approach warner, laser warner and chaff and flare dispenser.


Engines
The aircraft is powered by two Sturn / UFA AL-31F 117S turbofan engines with thrust-vectoring nozzle control, each supplying 86.3kN thrust or 142.2kN with afterburn. The engines were developed jointly by Sukhoi, Saturn and UMPO.

The total fuel capacity is 14,350l. In order to increase the unrefuelled range and endurance compared to earlier models the Su-35 incorporates additional tailfin and fin-root tanks. The fuel tanks are of aluminium lithium construction and are located in the wings, fuselage and in the square-tip twin tailfins. The unrefuelled range on internal fuel is 1,580km.

For in-flight refuelling the aircraft is equipped with a refuelling probe on the port side of the nose. Two external fuel tanks, type PTB-2000, provide an additional 4,000l of fuel. The ferry range with two external tanks is 4,500km.

Gowind Corvettes, France

Complement
35 to 60 crew
Passengers
15 to 25 passengers
Hull Design
Steel Monohull

Dimensions:
Length
85m-105 m (depending on variant)
Displacement
1,000t-2,500t (depending on variant)

Performance:
Endurance
2 to 3 weeks between replenishments at sea
Speed
22kt to 27kt

Engines:
Propulsion
Diesel engine, propeller or waterjet propulsion

DCNS of France first announced the Gowind family of corvettes in 2006. Since the initial announcement, DCNS has enlarged the Gowind family to four corvettes with length from 85m to 105m and displacement from 1,000t to 2,500t.

The Gowind family of corvettes includes: the 1,000t Sovereignty Enforcer Gowind control corvette, the 2,000t High Seas Master Gowind presence corvette, the Deterrent Warrior Gowind action corvette, and the 2,000t Multi-Mission Combatant Gowind combat corvette.

The ships, of sea-proven steel monohull design, accommodate 50 to 75 crew and passengers and have a maximum speed of 22kt to 27kt. The Gowind has an endurance of two to three weeks on patrol missions between at-sea replenishment.

The corvette is designed for simplicity and for easy customising to the client navy's requirements including local in-country shipbuilding under technology transfer agreements.

The Bulgarian Navy, which is considering the acquisition of up to six multi-role corvettes, has examined the capabilities of the Gowind corvettes. It is expected the first of class Bulgarian corvettes would be constructed at the DCNS Lorient ship yard and the following ships would be built under a license agreement at the naval shipyard near Varna on the Black Sea.


Gowind missions

The Gowind corvettes are ocean-capable vessels with capability for emerging missions such as anti-piracy, sea control and denial, combat, counter-terrorism, drug interdiction and anti-smuggling operations, oil and gas platform protection, search and rescue, fisheries protection, environmental protection and humanitarian support.

The corvettes can be configured with the capability to deploy special forces and accommodate a range of commando equipment. The self-protection level can be selected from remotely controlled guns up to missile systems. The communications suites with satellite communications interface to the customer's specified maritime surveillance networks


Capability

The ships have high manoeuvrability with excellent sea-keeping capability. The special forces operations capability includes a quick launch and recovery stern-launch system for two rigid inflatable boats (RIBs) or unmanned surface vehicles (USVs).

The aviation capabilities, including automatic decking, allow safe operation of a helicopter and unmanned air vehicles.

Command and control

The vessel's multi-function radar is installed in the integrated mast. The design of the bridge allows 360° panoramic surveillance. The combat systems are suited to the customer country's requirements. The communications systems allow tactical information to be shared with other assets and land-based operations centres.

The Gowind's combat management system, SETIS, is based on the SENIT CMS designed by DCNS and Thales and incorporates commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) open systems architecture. A wide range of combat systems can be integrated into SETIS, which can be reconfigured to accommodate new and upgraded mission systems through the ship's operational life.

Gowind weapons
The corvettes can be armed with the weapon systems tailored to the customer country's mission requirements. The weapon systems include: water cannons, 12.7mm remotely controlled machine guns, 20mm machine gun, 76mm naval gun on the forward gun deck, anti-ship missiles, ship self-defence system and electronic warfare suite.

Propulsion

The propulsion is based on a diesel driven propeller and waterjet system. The Gowind design does not incorporate a conventional funnel and instead has a waterline engine exhaust system. The configuration contributes to the ship's low thermal signature and also allows the 360° vision capability from the bridge.


Gowind control corvette – Sovereignty Enforcer

The 1,000t Gowind control corvette (Sovereignty Enforcer) is designed for patrol and sovereignty enforcement in littoral and exclusive economic zone (EEZ) waters. Missions include special forces and commando fast deployment.

The hull length is 85m. The ship is armed with a 76mm cannon and can deploy a high-performance, high-capacity, rigid-hulled inflatable boat (RHIB).

Gowind presence corvette – High Seas Master

The 2,000t Gowind presence corvette (High Seas Master) has a sustained capacity for long-range intervention and long period at sea, and can remain at sea for up to three weeks. The corvette is fitted with a helicopter hangar.

Gowind action corvette – Deterrent Warrior

The Gowind action corvette (Deterrent Warrior) is equipped with a suite of anti-air and anti-surface sensors and weapons systems, for example the VL Mica vertically launched short-range air defence missile system and the Exocet MM40 anti-ship missiles.

Gowind combat corvette – Multi-Mission Combatant

The Gowind combat corvette (Multi-Mission Combatant) is equipped with full-scale mission systems for multi-threat response including a full anti-submarine warfare (ASW) suite with a towed array sonar. The ship configuration includes improved stealth and survivability features.

The combat corvette is suitable for Nato task group operations.

http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/gowind_corvettes/

F125 Frigate, Germany

Crew
Two crews of 100 plus 50 aircrew

Crew Rotation
Two crew rotated every four months

Full Load Displacement
5,500t

Dimensions:
Length
139.4m
Beam
18.1m
Draught
5.0m

Performance:
Speed
48km/h
Range at 33km/h
7,400km

Propulsion:
Type
CODLAG
Gas Turbine
1 x 20MW LM 2500
Diesel Engines
4 x MTU 20V 4000 M53B (12.06MW)
Electric Motors
2 x Siemens (9MW)

The German Navy's new F125 frigate will have the capability to be deployed worldwide for up to two years before returning to the home base and can be in operation for up to 5,000 hours a year, including under tropical conditions.

The main mission of the F125 frigate is taking part in joint assignments, including multinational assignments in network-centric operations. The 5,500t displacement frigate has a new and stealthy design of hull and superstructure, which appears to be based on a highly modified Meko-D configuration.
The German Navy started to plan a successor for the F122 Bremen Class frigates in 1997. The German Navy operates eight Bremen Class F122 frigates, which entered service between 1982 and 1990.

The concept of the replacement frigates was originally as a multi-role combatant but, by 2005 the requirement for the F125 was based on a capability to counter asymmetric threats and perform stabilisation operations with lethal and non-lethal intervention. The German Navy announced that the F125 would be armed with land attack systems and air warfare point-defence equipment but would not be equipped with sonar.

In June 2007, ThyssenKrupp announced the Arge F125 consortium had been contracted by the Federal Office for Defence Technology and Procurement (BWB) for four F125 frigates. The Arge F125 consortium comprises the industrial leader, ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (including Blohm + Voss and Nordseewerke) with Lurssen Werft. Construction is expected to start in 2011 and delivery of the first of class F125 is scheduled for 2014. Deliveries are expected to take place at one-year to two-year intervals with completion of delivery of all four frigates between 2017 and 2022.
F125 crew

Each frigate has two crews of typically 105 to 120 people, who are changed every four months. The number of crew represents an approximately 50% reduction in crew compared to previous generation frigates and is achieved partly through a high level of automation.

The frigate also accommodates 50 special forces and their equipment. The special forces' transportation can be two helicopters or four armed boats.
Command and control

In March 2006, EADS was contracted to supply the F125 command and control and weapons deployment system, FuWES (Fuhrungs-und Waffeneinsatzsystem). The contract covered the development and delivery of the system, including the complete software, hardware and infrastructure and the FuWES testing and performance verification for all four frigates.

The FuWES system has an open and modular structure allowing flexibility to accommodate future additional or modified systems. In order to provide tactical data exchange and a high level of interoperability with other joint and combined military platforms, the communications systems, link 11, link 16 and link 22 are integrated into F125 command and control system. The combat management system is operated from the Atlas Elektronik OMADA consoles, designed specifically for the F125.
Weapons

The ship is equipped for defence against air attack and also for land attack.

The F125 is also armed with non-lethal weapons, such as water cannons and searchlights for non-provocative deterrence and defence.
F125 guns

The ship is fitted with ten guns, 12.7mm to 155mm, which allow fast automatic engagement.

The BWB awarded Oto Melara contracts for the supply of five 127/64 LW Alleggerito lightweight naval guns, four for installation on the F125 frigates and the fifth for training.

The gun is installed on the forward gun deck. The turret of the 127/64 Alleggerito has a low radar cross section.

The gun has two automatic feeding devices (AFDs), one for the charges and one for the projectiles, the rounds being automatically assembled before entering the turret, and can fire long-range Vulcano ammunition. The guns have a 35-rounds-a-minute rate of fire and a range of 23km against surface targets and 8.6km against airborne target.

The German Navy has also selected the Oto Melara remote controlled 12.7mm HITROLE naval turret in the naval tilting (NT) option for the F125. The contract covers the supply of 25 systems, five for installation of each of the four frigates and five for installation on land for training.
Missiles

Two quadruple missile launchers for the Boeing RGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missile are installed amidship on the missile deck forward of the funnel. The Harpoon missiles are armed with a 227kg warhead and use active radar homing. The missiles have a high subsonic speed (Mach 0.9) and a range of up to 130km.

The F125 has two 21-cell mk49 launchers armed with the Raytheon RIM-116 rolling airframe missile (RAM). The RAM point defence missile is a lightweight infrared homing surface-to-air missile for deployment against incoming anti-ship cruise missiles. The forward launcher is installed immediately forward of the bridge and the aft launcher is installed on the roof of the helicopter hangar just forward of the helicopter deck.
Sensors

The frigates have no conventional on-board sonar but instead have a diver and swimmer detection sonar to counter terrorist and special forces threats. The frigates are equipped with a 360° infrared surveillance system installed on the front surface of the tower mast at a position just lower than the air and surface search radar.

Radar systems will include an EADS TRS-3D air and surface search radar, navigation and fire control radars. The TRS-3D radar carries out automatic detection, track initiation and tracking of all types of air and sea targets.

The navigation radar is installed on the roof of the bridge.
Countermeasures

Much of the electronic warfare suite has not been announced but it will include four Rheinmetall MASS multi ammunition soft-kill systems. The MASS decoy and mini mortar dispensers are installed on the port and starboard sides above the bridge and on the helicopter hangar roof.

Aircraft

The frigate has a 490m² aft helicopter deck and a hangar for two NH-90 helicopters. The NH-90 helicopters have a range of 790km.
Propulsion

The frigates are fitted with a new combined diesel electric and gas (CODLAG) electrical propulsion system with a 20MW General Electric LM 2500 gas turbine, four MTU 20V 4000 M53B diesel engines providing 3,015kW each (total 12.06MW) and two Siemens electric motors providing 4.5MW each (total 9MW).

The main machinery will run for 30,000 hours between major overhauls. The F125 is fitted with bow thrusters for precision dockyard manoeuvring without assistance.

http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/f125-frigate/