9K38 Igla

The 9K38 Igla (Russian: 9К38 «Игла́»; English: needle) is a Russian/Soviet man-portable infrared homing surface-to-air missile (SAM). "9K38" is the GRAU designation of the system. Its NATO reporting name is SA-18 Grouse.

History
Development of the Igla short-range man-portable air defence missile (MANPADS) began in the Kolomna OKB in 1971. Contrary to what is commonly reported, the Igla is not an improved version of the earlier Strela family (Strela-2/SA-7 and Strela-3/SA-14), but an all new project. The main goals were to create a missile with better resistance to countermeasures and wider engagement envelope than the earlier Strela series MANPADS systems.
Technical difficulties in the development quickly made it obvious that the development would take far longer than anticipated, however, and in 1978 the program split in two: while the development of the full-capability Igla would continue, a simplified version (Igla-1) with a simpler IR seeker based on that of the earlier Strela-3/SA-14 would be developed to enter service earlier than the full-capability version could be finished.

The 9K310 Igla-1 system (NATO reporting name SA-16 Gimlet) and its 9M313 missile were accepted into service in the Soviet army on 11 March 1981. Main differences from the Strela-3 include:
Optional IFF (Identification-Friend-or-Foe) system to prevent firing on friendly aircraft. Automatic lead and super elevation to simplify shooting and reduce minimum firing range. Slightly larger rocket, reduced drag and better guidance system extend maximum range and improve performance against fast and maneuverable targets. Improved lethality on target achieved by a combination of delayed impact fusing, terminal maneuver to hit the fuselage rather than jet nozzle, and an additional charge to set off the remaining rocket fuel (if any) on impact. Improved resistance to infrared countermeasures (both decoy flares and ALQ-144 series jamming emitters). Slightly improved seeker sensitivity. According to the manufacturer, South African tests have shown the Igla's superiority over the contemporary (1982 service entry) but smaller and lighter American FIM-92A Stinger missile. However, other tests in Croatia did not support any clear superiority, but effectively equal seeker performance and only marginally shorter time of flight and longer range for the Igla.
According to Kolomna OKB, the Igla-1 has a Pk (probability of kill) of 0.30 to 0.48 against unprotected targets which is reduced to 0.24 in the presence of decoy flares and jamming. In another report the manufacturer claimed a Pk of 0.59 against an approaching and 0.44 against receding F-4 fighter not employing infrared countermeasures or evasive manoeuvers.

Surface to air missile

Surface-to-air-missile

A surface-to-air missile (SAM) or ground-to-air missile (GAM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft. It is a type of anti-aircraft system.
Land-based SAMs can be deployed from fixed installations or mobile launchers. The smallest SAMs are capable of being carried and launched by a single person. These types of SAM are also referred to as Man-Portable Air Defence Systems (ManPADS). Soviet ManPADS have been exported around the world and can still be found in many of their former client states. Other nations have developed their own ManPADS (see list below).
Land-based SAMs are deployed on mobile launchers, either wheeled or tracked. The tracked vehicles are usually armoured vehicles specifically designed to carry SAMs. Larger SAMs may be deployed in fixed launchers, but can be towed/re-deployed at will.
Ship-based SAMs are in widespread use. Virtually all surface warships can be armed with SAMs (see list below). In fact, naval SAMs are a necessity for all front-line surface warships. Some warship types specialise in anti-air warfare e.g. Ticonderoga-class cruisers equipped with the Aegis combat system or Kirov class cruisers with the S-300PMU Favorit missile system.
Targets for non-ManPAD SAMs will usually be acquired by air-search radar, then tracked before/while a SAM is "locked-on" and then fired. Potential targets, if they are military aircraft will be identified as friend or foe systems before "lock-on".
Development of surface-to-air missiles began in Nazi Germany (hard pressed by Allied air superiority) during late World War II with missiles such as the Wasserfall though no working system was deployed before the war's end.

FIM-92 Stinger

The FIM-92 Stinger is a man portable infra-red homing surface-to-air missile developed in the United States and used by all the US armed services, with whom it entered service in 1981. The basic Stinger missile has to date been responsible for 270 confirmed kills of aircraft.
It is manufactured by Raytheon Missile Systems and also under license by EADS in Germany. Raytheon designates the missile as a MANPADS (Man-Portable Air-Defense System). It is used by the military of the United States and by 29 other countries. Around 70,000 missiles have been produced.

Description
Light to carry and relatively easy to operate, the FIM-92 Stinger is a passive surface-to-air missile, shoulder-fired by a single operator, although officially it requires two. The FIM-92B can attack aircraft at a range of up to 15,700 feet (4800 m) and at altitudes between 600 and 12,500 feet (180 and 3800 m). The missile can also be fired from the M-1097 Avenger vehicle and the M6 Linebacker an air defense variant of the M2 Bradley IFV. The missile is also capable of being deployed from HMMWV Stinger rack, and can be used by airborne paratroopers. A helicopter launched version exists called the ATAS or Air-to-Air Stinger.
The missile is 1.52 m long and 70 mm in diameter with 10 mm fins. The missile itself weighs 10.1 kg, while the missile with launcher weighs approximately 15.2 kg (33.5 pounds). The Stinger is launched by a small ejection motor that pushes it a safe distance from the operator before engaging the main solid-fuel two-stage motor which accelerates it to a maximum speed of Mach 2.2 (750 m/s). The warhead is a 3 kg penetrating hit-to-kill warhead type with an impact fuse and a self-destruct timer.
In order to fire the missile, a BCU (Battery Coolant Unit) must be inserted into the handguard. This shoots a stream of argon gas into the system, as well as a chemical energy charge that enables the acquisition indicators, and missile to get power. The batteries are somewhat sensitive to abuse, and only hold so much gas in them. Over time, and without proper maintenance, they are known to become unserviceable. The IFF antenna receives its power from a rechargeable battery.
There are three main variants in use; the Stinger basic, STINGER-Passive Optical Seeker Technique (POST), and STINGER-Reprogrammable Microprocessor (RMP). The RMP version is commonly used by the US Army, and is excellent for combating countermeasures used by the enemy.
The Stinger-RMP is so-called because of its ability to load a new set of software via a ROM inserted in the gripstock at the depot. If this download to the missile fails during power-up, basic functionality runs off the on-board ROM. The four-processor RMP has 4K of RAM for each processor; since the downloaded code runs from RAM, there isn't much space to spare, particularly for the processors dedicated to seeker input processing and target analysis. The RMP has a dual-detector seeker: IR and UV. This allows it to distinguish targets from countermeasures much better than the Redeye, which was IR-only.

History
Initial work on the missile was begun by General Dynamics in 1967 as the Redeye II. It was accepted for further development by the US Army in 1971 and designated FIM-92; the Stinger appellation was chosen in 1972. Because of technical difficulties that dogged testing, the first shoulder launch was not until mid-1975. Production of the FIM-92A began in 1978 to replace the FIM-43 Redeye. An improved Stinger with a new seeker, the FIM-92B, was produced from 1983 alongside the FIM-92A. Production of both the A and B types ended in 1987 with around 16,000 missiles produced.
The replacement FIM-92C had been developed from 1984 and production began in 1987. The first examples were delivered to front-line units in 1989. C-type missiles were fitted with a reprogrammable electronics system to allow for upgrades. The missiles which received a counter-measures upgrade were designated D and later upgrades to the D were designated G.
The FIM-92E or Block I was developed from 1992 and delivered from 1995 (certain sources state that the FIM-92D is also part of the Block I development). The main changes were again in the sensor and the software, improving the missile's performance against smaller and low-signature targets. A software upgrade in 2001 was designated F. Block II development began in 1996 using a new focal plane array sensor to improve the missile's effectiveness in "high clutter" environments and increase the engagement range to about 25,000 feet (7,600 m). Production was scheduled for 2004, but Jane's reports that this may be on hold.
Since 1984 the Stinger has been issued to many US Navy warships for point defense, particularly in Middle Eastern waters. In fact, until it was decommissioned in September of 1993, the U.S. Navy actually had at least one dedicated Stinger Gunnery Detachment attached to Beachmaster Unit Two in Little Creek Virginia. The sailors of this detachment would deploy to various Carrier Battlegroups in teams of 2 to 4 sailors per ship as requested by Battle Group Commanders.

Service
The Stinger's combat debut occurred on 21 May 1982, during the Falklands War fought between Britain and Argentina. Soldiers of the British special forces had been clandestinely equipped with six missiles, although they had received very little instruction in their use. The sole SAS trooper who had received training on the system, and was due to train other troops, was killed in a helicopter crash on the 19 May.[2] The very first Stinger fired in anger shot down an Argentine Pucará ground attack aircraft.[3] However, subsequent shots were ineffective due to British troops' unfamiliarity with the weapon's recharging procedure. The main MANPAD used by both sides during the Falklands War was the Blowpipe missile.
The CIA supplied nearly 500 Stingers (some sources claim 1500-2000) to the mujahideen guerrillas fighting Soviet forces in Afghanistan during the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s, where they were used quite successfully. After the 1989 Soviet withdrawal the US government collected most of the Stingers it had delivered, but 16 of them found their way into Iran giving it the technology.[2] Iran now manufactures its own variation of the missiles. Also, as part of its effort to overthrow Angola's government, the Reagan administration provided Stingers to UNITA anti-government fighters in the late 1980s. In both cases, efforts to recover missiles after the end of hostilities proved incomplete. There has been speculation that the reason the Stinger has not been used in further attacks is because the batteries that are needed for the launcher to function have expired. However, Stinger missiles were used by the Pakistani Army Infiltrators in the Kargil War and shot down an Indian Air Force Mi-8 Helicopter and a MiG-21 aircraft, as well as damaged a Canberra reconnaissance aircraft that was able to reach the base safely.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM-92_Stinger

Assault rifle

An assault rifle is a selective fire rifle or carbine firing ammunition with muzzle energies intermediate between those typical of pistol and battle rifle ammunition. Assault rifles are categorized between light machine guns, intended more for sustained automatic fire in a support role, and submachine guns, which fire a handgun cartridge rather than a rifle cartridge. Assault rifles are the standard small arms in most modern armies, having largely replaced or supplemented larger, more powerful battle rifles, such as the World War II-era M1 Garand and Tokarev SVT. Examples of assault rifles include the AK-47 and the M16 rifle. Semi-automatic rifles, including commercial versions of the AR-15, and "automatic" rifles limited to firing single shots are not assault rifles as they are not selective fire. Belt-fed weapons or rifles with very limited capacity fixed magazines are also generally not considered assault rifles.

The term assault rifle is a translation of the German word Sturmgewehr (literally meaning "storm rifle"), "storm" used as a verb being synonymous with assault, as in "to storm the compound". Sturmgewehr was coined by Adolf Hitler to describe the Maschinenpistole 44, subsequently re-baptized Sturmgewehr 44, the firearm generally considered the first widely-used assault rifle and served to popularize the concept. The translation “assault rifle” gradually became the common term for similar firearms sharing the same technical definition as the name giver StG 44. In a strict definition, a firearm must have all of the following five characteristics to qualify as an assault rifle:[1][2][3]
Is a carbine sized individual weapon with provision to be fired from a shouldered position.
Barrel length is usually 400 mm to 500 mm (16” to 20”)
Is capable of selective fire.
Fires from a locked breech.
Utilizes an intermediate powered-cartridge.
Ammunition is supplied from a large capacity detachable box magazine.
Most common is a capacity of 30 rounds, sometimes 20 rounds.
The following features are commonly found on assault rifles, but those are not exclusive to assault rifles, as those features are shared with many submachine guns, battle rifles, automatic rifles and machine guns:
Protruding pistol grip.
Folding, retractable or otherwise collapsible shoulder stock.
Bipod
Muzzle device like a muzzle brake or a flash suppressor.
There are commentators who use the expression “assault rifle” more loosely to include other types of arms, particularly arms that fall under a strict definition of the battle rifle, or civilian semi-automatic off-shoots of military rifles for commercial or political reasons. Some militaries of nations outside of the English-speaking world also have a different definition of assault rifle. For instance, the analogous term in the Swedish Armed Forces is automatkarbin (literally "automatic carbine") which includes both assault rifles and battle rifles.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assault_rifle

Etymology

Guerrilla, from the Spanish term guerra, or War, with the -illa ending diminutive, could be translated as small war. The Spanish word itself, may have its origins in the early Germanic word werra or perhaps the middle Dutch word warre. They were adopted in Hispania around the 5th century by the Visigoths. The use of the diminutive is probably to evoke the difference in size between the guerrilla army and the state army against which they fight. The term was invented in Spain to describe the tactics used to resist the French regime instituted by Napoleon Bonaparte. Its meaning was soon broadened to refer to any similar resistance of any time or place. The Spanish word for guerrilla fighter is guerrillero. According to the OED, the term guerrilla was used in English as early as 1809 to describe the persons involved rather than just the tactics. In most languages the word still denotes the specific style of warfare. However, this is changing under the influence of broad English usage.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare

Anti-Tank Warfare

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Anti-tank refers to any method of combating military armored fighting vehicles, notably tanks. The most common anti-tank systems include artillery with a high muzzle velocity, missiles (such as wire-guided HEAT), various autocannons firing penetrating ammunition, and anti-tank mines.

In the area of anti-tank warfare, three terms are often used: "mobility kill", "firepower kill", and "catastrophic kill". In a mobility kill (M-kill), the vehicle loses its ability to move, for example, by breaking a tank track; the target is then immobile but may retain full use of its weapons and still be able to fight to some extent. A firepower kill (F-kill) is some loss of the vehicle's ability to fire its weapons. M-kills and F-kills may be complete or partial, the latter corresponding to reductions in a target's ability to move or fire. A catastrophic kill (K-kill) removes the tank's ability to fight completely; this may entail complete destruction of the tank or disabling the weapon system(s) or crew.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank

Indonesian Special Operations Forces

by MAJ Lewis Field
Introduction
The Indonesian Army's Special Operations Command (called the KOPASSUS, for Kommando Pasukan Khusus) is a strike force whose main thrust is counterinsurgency and antisubversive operations. As with other parts of the armed forces, the KOPASSUS also is looking at extending its capabilities to defend outer portions of Indonesia from foreign intervention.
Mission
The KOPASSUS serves as one of the strike force commands of the Indonesian Armed Forces. It conducts missions such as infiltration, reconnaissance, and militia training behind the lines, as well as antisubversive and internal security operations. Figure 1 depicts the shoulder patch worn by KOPASSUS forces. Over the years, the KOPASSUS has been involved in many operations against subversive/separatist groups throughout Indonesia. One goal of the KOPASSUS is to have elements available for deployment within 15 minutes of notification.

During internal reviews of the military in the late 1990s, it was considered that a future, large-scale war was unlikely but that a small-scale, high-intensity war or internal operation was likely. It was understood that this would be true for the next 5-8 years; therefore, light, airborne, and special forces were the focus of reorganizations to allow the most flexibility in likely situations.



Equipment
KOPASSUS forces are thought to receive better weapons than regular units and possibly better living quarters, rations, salary, and clothing. Their equipment consists of what is found in many special forces units throughout the world (see table 2). Most KOPASSUS forces wear special camouflage uniforms and red berets, though Groups IV and V may wear civilian clothes and have altered grooming standards.
Table 2. Equipment List
Equipment Type
Equipment Model
Comments
Rifles
FNC SS1V-1
5.56 mm
AK-47
7.62 mm
M-16
5.56 mm

Handguns
Browning Highpower
9 mm
Sig Sauer P220
9 mm
PM-1A1
9 mm
Walther PPK
9 mm
M1911
.45 cal
H&K Mk 23
.45 cal

Light machinegun
Uzi submachinegun
9 mm
FN Mini
5.56 mm

Electro-optical
Phillips

Lippo

RT-5A
Laser sight

Water devices
Drager
Breathing apparatus
Spero
Breathing apparatus
Oxydive
Breathing apparatus
Farallon
Diver assist vehicle
Rubber (Zodiac type) boats
20 and 40 ft

Miscellaneous
Remotely piloted vehicles

MC-4
Parachute
MC-1B
Parachute
Mortars
60 mm (?)
Walkie Talkie comms

Training
Members of the KOPASSUS are selected from other units for mental and physical toughness and ideological soundness. Those who pass an initial screening take part in a 9-month "selection," with heavy emphasis on physical endurance. At the end of this phase, a 380-km march is conducted through mountainous terrain with minimal rations. Then a week-long evasion and escape phase is conducted; if caught, one is removed from the program. As manpower is increased to meet a three- and four-part rotational cycle, additional training would be expected. Also, as units have been used fairly extensively throughout the years, many of the KOPASSUS members have actual mission experience.

Air Force Budget: $494 Million

This article was found in angkasa-online. It was interesting because the budget for Indonesian Air Force and Indonesian Navy is lower than other country in south east asia.Well i think Indonesia has to increase the Budget for air force and navy.

By: Dudi Sudibyo/Angkasa
The government allocates this year a budget of Rp 4.5 trillion or US$494 million each for the Indonesian Air Force and Indonesian Navy. While an amount of Rp 9 trillion ($989 million) is allocated for the Army from the total 2007 defense budget of Rp 18 trillion or approximately US$1.9 million.
Defense Minister Juwono Sudarsono reveals the budget after attending a limited Cabinet meeting at the Presidential Palace on April 10.
Aware of the government is going to allocate more funding to the education and infrastructure sectors, envision the defense sector will be forced to make a sacrifice but will try to have the policy of an annual 15 percent increase maintained.
On the matter, the minister said, efficiency in the defense budget could be achieved through sharing of military equipment which could save up to 20 percent of the budget of each force annually. ***

welcome to my blog

welcome to my blog, here I want to share what I have been read in many topics. I am a student in Law Faculty. I like to read book, magazine, especially in military topics. I write about the abuse of firearms in my society.